May 25, 2018 · Many countries classify powerful opioids like carfentanil as chemical weapons. In October 2002, after Chechen rebels stormed a Moscow theater and trapped more than 800 people for 57 hours, it ... VX is an extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate. In the class of nerve agents, it was developed for military use in chemical warfare after translation of earlier discoveries of organophosphate toxicity in pesticide research. In recent years, VX was found to be the agent used in ... The U.S. Chemical Demilitarization Program (CDP) enhanced national security by eliminating chemical warfare materiel, while protecting the workforce, public, and environment and meeting obligations specified in a multilateral arms control treaty known as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).Updated. Artificial intelligence was used to ‘easily’ invent 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours. This is according to researchers who turned a drug-developing AI into a ...This report identifies three different systems being used to deliver chemical weapons: government warplanes appear to have dropped bombs with nerve agents on at least four occasions since December ...Chemical weapon - WMD, Toxins, Agents: Chemical weapons did not become true weapons of mass destruction (WMD) until they were introduced in their modern form in World War I (1914–18). The German army initiated modern chemical warfare by launching a chlorine attack at Ypres, Belgium, on April 22, 1915, killing 5,000 French and Algerian troops and momentarily breaching their lines of defense ... The United States has officially destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons.. In doing so, it is the last of eight countries to destroy its declared stocks of chemical weapons under the Chemical ...The chemical weapons factories at Muthanna were systematically dismantled in the 1990s under U.N. supervision, and hundreds of tons of the weapons he helped make were destroyed in incinerators or ...Napalm can cause death by burns or asphyxiation. Napalm bombs generate carbon monoxide while simultaneously removing oxygen from the air. The air in the bombing area can be 20 percent or more carbon monoxide [source: GlobalSecurity.org ]. This effect occurs because napalm partially combusts the oxygen in the air, turning CO 2 (carbon dioxide ...Comical-Weapon. 19 1.1K. 1. 2 3... 45 Next. DeviantArt - Homepage. DeviantArt Facebook DeviantArt Instagram DeviantArt Twitter. About Contact Core Membership ... The Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, also known as the Salisbury Poisonings, was a botched assassination attempt to poison Sergei Skripal, a former Russian military officer and double agent for the British intelligence agencies in the city of Salisbury, England on 4 March 2018. [5] [6] Sergei and his daughter, Yulia Skripal, were poisoned ...This report identifies three different systems being used to deliver chemical weapons: government warplanes appear to have dropped bombs with nerve agents on at least four occasions since December ...Jul 11, 2022 · The chemical weapons factories at Muthanna were systematically dismantled in the 1990s under U.N. supervision, and hundreds of tons of the weapons he helped make were destroyed in incinerators or ... Mar 15, 2022 · CNN —. After US intelligence accurately predicted Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, it’s disturbing that Americans now fear Russia is preparing to use chemical weapons during the conflict. “I ... Novichok is a "binary" chemical weapon, meaning it uses two or more chemical precursors that are either nontoxic or less toxic and become active only when mixed. Though this makes Novichok safer ...According to the OPCW’s annual report for 2022, the OPCW confirmed that the United States has verifiably destroyed a total of 26,606.252 metric tons of priority Category 1 chemical weapons, which is 95.81% of the total U.S. declared stockpile. 2 The United States has destroyed all of its Category 2 chemical weapons, such as phosgene, and ...Oct 7, 2021 · Condemning the use of chemical and biological weapons as unacceptable under any context or circumstances, delegates urged all States to abide by critical existing international instruments for their regulation, as the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security) continued its general debate today. History as chemical weapons. Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent. As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used in World War I, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including the Iran–Iraq War, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties. Updated. Artificial intelligence was used to ‘easily’ invent 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours. This is according to researchers who turned a drug-developing AI into a ...chemical weapons, reportedly including stocks of nerve (sarin, VX) and blister (mustard gas) agents, and their potential use. For analysis of chemical weapons possession and use in Syria, see CRS Report R42848, Syria’s Chemical Weapons: Issues for Congress, coordinated by Mary Beth D. Nikitin. Phosgene is a planar molecule as predicted by VSEPR theory. The C=O distance is 1.18 Å, the C−Cl distance is 1.74 Å and the Cl−C−Cl angle is 111.8°. [9] Phosgene is a carbon oxohalide and it can be considered one of the simplest acyl chlorides, being formally derived from carbonic acid.A Chemical Weapon is a chemical used to cause intentional death or harm through its toxic properties. Munitions, devices and other equipment specifically designed to weaponise toxic chemicals also fall under the definition of chemical weapons. A common conception of a chemical weapon (CW) is of a toxic chemical contained in a delivery system ...Patreon is empowering a new generation of creators. Support and engage with artists and creators as they live out their passions! The United States chemical weapons program began in 1917 during World War I with the creation of the U.S. Army's Gas Service Section and ended 73 years later in 1990 with the country's practical adoption of the Chemical Weapons Convention (signed 1993; entered into force, 1997). Destruction of stockpiled chemical weapons began in 1986 and was ... Apr 21, 2020 · Comical-Weapon Published: Apr 21, 2020 119 Favourites 3 Comments 26.3K Views riskyboots shantae Part of a comic made exclusive for my patrons where they decide the fate of a character with a poll. www.patreon.com/posts/jesters-… Please consider supporting me on patreon for early access and exclusive stuff that doesnt get posted anywhere else! The OPCW. History was made on 29 April 1997 with the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)—the world’s first multilateral disarmament agreement to provide for the elimination of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction within a fixed time frame. The Chemical Weapons Convention entered into force on 29 April 1997.Chemical weapon - Banning, Prohibition, Conventions: During World War I, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Russia developed a wide array of chemical arms, including choking, blister, blood, and irritant agents. During World War II, Germany developed nerve agents such as toman, soman, and sarin. After World War II, the British invented VX, a more persistent nerve agent that eventually ...Mar 18, 2022 · Updated. Artificial intelligence was used to ‘easily’ invent 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours. This is according to researchers who turned a drug-developing AI into a ... Apr 21, 2020 · Comical-Weapon Published: Apr 21, 2020 119 Favourites 3 Comments 26.3K Views riskyboots shantae Part of a comic made exclusive for my patrons where they decide the fate of a character with a poll. www.patreon.com/posts/jesters-… Please consider supporting me on patreon for early access and exclusive stuff that doesnt get posted anywhere else! Patreon is empowering a new generation of creators. Support and engage with artists and creators as they live out their passions! Ammonia is widely known as a cleaning agent, and is well known for its properties as a glass cleaner. Ammonia’s anti-microbial properties allow it to be useful as a disinfectant. It is also used in processes that involve fermentation. It can be used as a refrigerant, in which context it is known as R717.Among the Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), chemical warfare (CW) is probably one of the most brutal created by mankind. CW agents are extremely toxic synthetic chemicals that can be dispersed as a gas, liquid or aerosol or as agents adsorbed to particles to become a powder. These CW agents have either lethal or incapacitating effects on ...Chemical Weapons Convention. Four UN states are not party: Egypt, Israel, North Korea and South Sudan. The Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC ), officially the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, is an arms control treaty administered by the Organisation ...VX is a human-made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent and is one of the most toxic of nerve agents. VX, like all nerve agents, interferes with the operation of an enzyme that stops muscles from contracting. When this enzyme does not work correctly muscles are constantly being stimulated. With continuous contraction of muscles ...History as chemical weapons. Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent. As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used in World War I, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including the Iran–Iraq War, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties.Oct 7, 2021 · Condemning the use of chemical and biological weapons as unacceptable under any context or circumstances, delegates urged all States to abide by critical existing international instruments for their regulation, as the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security) continued its general debate today. The Russian Federation is the home of the former Soviet stockpile of chemical weapons consisting of a declared stockpile of nearly 40,000 metric tons of chemical nerve, blister and choking agents. According to some reports, the total stockpile exceeds 50,000 tons, with an additional 32,300 ton stockpile of phosphorus agents.The use of chemical weapons is prohibited in international armed conflicts in a series of treaties, including the Hague Declaration concerning Asphyxiating Gases, the Geneva Gas Protocol, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Statute of the International Criminal Court. [1] At present, only 13 States are not party to either the Geneva Gas ...Upwards of 1,729 people were killed in the attack, leaving 3,600 individuals severely crippled with neurotoxic symptoms. Metal vial used to deliver ricin during the 2003 "Ricin Letter" attacks. 8. Ricin. Ricin is a highly potent chemical weapon derived from the seeds of castor bean plants.chemical weapons, reportedly including stocks of nerve (sarin, VX) and blister (mustard gas) agents, and their potential use. For analysis of chemical weapons possession and use in Syria, see CRS Report R42848, Syria’s Chemical Weapons: Issues for Congress, coordinated by Mary Beth D. Nikitin. Napalm can cause death by burns or asphyxiation. Napalm bombs generate carbon monoxide while simultaneously removing oxygen from the air. The air in the bombing area can be 20 percent or more carbon monoxide [source: GlobalSecurity.org ]. This effect occurs because napalm partially combusts the oxygen in the air, turning CO 2 (carbon dioxide ...The Russian Federation is known to possess or have possessed three types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and chemical weapons. It is one of the five nuclear-weapon states recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons . Russia possesses a total of 5,889 nuclear warheads as of 2023 ...A chemical weapon is "any chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm" through its toxic properties, the OPCW says.The Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, also known as the Salisbury Poisonings, was a botched assassination attempt to poison Sergei Skripal, a former Russian military officer and double agent for the British intelligence agencies in the city of Salisbury, England on 4 March 2018. [5] [6] Sergei and his daughter, Yulia Skripal, were poisoned ... Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons.This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare, biological warfare and radiological warfare, which together make up CBRN, the military acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered "weapons of mass destruction" (WMDs), a term that ...Jul 11, 2022 · The chemical weapons factories at Muthanna were systematically dismantled in the 1990s under U.N. supervision, and hundreds of tons of the weapons he helped make were destroyed in incinerators or ... White phosphorus munitions. US Air Force Douglas A-1E Skyraider dropping a 45 kilograms (100 lb) M47 white phosphorus bomb on a Viet Cong position in South Vietnam in 1966. White phosphorus munitions are weapons that use one of the common allotropes of the chemical element phosphorus. White phosphorus is used in smoke, illumination, and ...History as chemical weapons. Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent. As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used in World War I, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including the Iran–Iraq War, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties.Check out Comical-Weapon's art on DeviantArt. Browse the user profile and get inspired. Patreon is empowering a new generation of creators. Support and engage with artists and creators as they live out their passions!Weapons and on their Destruction signed at London, Moscow and Washington on 10 April 1972, Bearing in mindthe objective contained in Article IX of the Convention on the Prohibition ofComical-Weapon Published: Apr 21, 2020 119 Favourites 3 Comments 26.3K Views riskyboots shantae Part of a comic made exclusive for my patrons where they decide the fate of a character with a poll. www.patreon.com/posts/jesters-… Please consider supporting me on patreon for early access and exclusive stuff that doesnt get posted anywhere else!Weapons of Mass Destruction. The United States faces a rising danger from terrorists and rogue states seeking to use weapons of mass destruction. A weapon of mass destruction is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, or other device that is intended to harm a large number of people. The Department of Homeland Security works every day to ...Russia destroyed about 25,000 metric tons of chemical weapons, or 62 percent of its 40,000-ton stockpile as of April 29, 2012 – the deadline set by the Chemical Weapons Convention for complete arsenal destruction. Russia expected 2020 to be more realistic but according to Russia it achieved complete destruction on September 27, 2017. Chemical Weapons Convention. Four UN states are not party: Egypt, Israel, North Korea and South Sudan. The Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC ), officially the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, is an arms control treaty administered by the Organisation ...Dec 9, 2022 · Weapons of Mass Destruction. The United States faces a rising danger from terrorists and rogue states seeking to use weapons of mass destruction. A weapon of mass destruction is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, or other device that is intended to harm a large number of people. The Department of Homeland Security works every day to ... Investigations have found that both the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad and ISIL militants have used chemical weapons, with the majority of attacks being carried out by the Syrian government. In 2014, the OPCW Fact-Finding Mission in Syria concluded the use of chlorine was systematic and widespread. [6] VX is a human-made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent and is one of the most toxic of nerve agents. VX, like all nerve agents, interferes with the operation of an enzyme that stops muscles from contracting. When this enzyme does not work correctly muscles are constantly being stimulated. With continuous contraction of muscles ...Weapons and on their Destruction signed at London, Moscow and Washington on 10 April 1972, Bearing in mindthe objective contained in Article IX of the Convention on the Prohibition ofOPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed The United States of America, the last possessor State, completed the destruction of its declared chemical weapons stockpile 7 July 2023. Australia contributes over €60,000 to OPCW missions in Syria Australia is a steadfast supporter of the OPCW and its ...Mar 14, 2022 · According to the OPCW’s annual report for 2022, the OPCW confirmed that the United States has verifiably destroyed a total of 26,606.252 metric tons of priority Category 1 chemical weapons, which is 95.81% of the total U.S. declared stockpile. 2 The United States has destroyed all of its Category 2 chemical weapons, such as phosgene, and ... Chemical weapon proliferation. Many nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical weapon agents despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them. Most states have joined the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which required the destruction of all chemical weapons by 2012. Twelve nations have declared chemical weapons production ...chemical weapons, reportedly including stocks of nerve (sarin, VX) and blister (mustard gas) agents, and their potential use. For analysis of chemical weapons possession and use in Syria, see CRS Report R42848, Syria’s Chemical Weapons: Issues for Congress, coordinated by Mary Beth D. Nikitin. Sep 8, 2016 · At room temperature, it is a greenish-yellow gas with a choking smell, which is denser than air. Dry chlorine gas won't bleach, but in water it forms hypochlorite, responsible for the bleaching ... White phosphorus munitions. US Air Force Douglas A-1E Skyraider dropping a 45 kilograms (100 lb) M47 white phosphorus bomb on a Viet Cong position in South Vietnam in 1966. White phosphorus munitions are weapons that use one of the common allotropes of the chemical element phosphorus. White phosphorus is used in smoke, illumination, and ... Mar 18, 2022 · Updated. Artificial intelligence was used to ‘easily’ invent 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours. This is according to researchers who turned a drug-developing AI into a ... Russia could be planning a chemical or biological weapon attack in Ukraine - and "we should all be on the lookout", the White House has said. Press secretary Jen Psaki said Russia's claims about ...Russia could be planning a chemical or biological weapon attack in Ukraine - and "we should all be on the lookout", the White House has said. Press secretary Jen Psaki said Russia's claims about ...Patreon is empowering a new generation of creators. Support and engage with artists and creators as they live out their passions!Chemical weapons in World War I. A French gas attack on German trenches in Flanders, Belgium (1917). The use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years, but the first large-scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I. [1] [2] They were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders, against whom ...A Chemical Weapon is a chemical used to cause intentional death or harm through its toxic properties. Munitions, devices and other equipment specifically designed to weaponise toxic chemicals also fall under the definition of chemical weapons. A common conception of a chemical weapon (CW) is of a toxic chemical contained in a delivery system ...Comical-Weapon. 19 1.2K. 1. 2 3... 50 Next. DeviantArt - Homepage. DeviantArt Facebook DeviantArt Instagram DeviantArt Twitter. About Contact Core Membership ... chemical weapons, reportedly including stocks of nerve (sarin, VX) and blister (mustard gas) agents, and their potential use. For analysis of chemical weapons possession and use in Syria, see CRS Report R42848, Syria’s Chemical Weapons: Issues for Congress, coordinated by Mary Beth D. Nikitin. Comical-Weapon. 1 705. Sumo Princesses-Page 9. Comical-Weapon. 1 673. 1. 2 3 Next. DeviantArt - Homepage. DeviantArt Facebook DeviantArt Instagram DeviantArt Twitter.Mar 6, 2023 · Syria’s full cooperation with the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is essential to closing all outstanding issues related to its initial and subsequent declarations, a senior United Nations official told the Security Council today during its monthly briefing on implementation of resolution 2118 (2013) on elimination of the country’s chemical weapons programme ... Mar 14, 2022 · According to the OPCW’s annual report for 2022, the OPCW confirmed that the United States has verifiably destroyed a total of 26,606.252 metric tons of priority Category 1 chemical weapons, which is 95.81% of the total U.S. declared stockpile. 2 The United States has destroyed all of its Category 2 chemical weapons, such as phosgene, and ... Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons.This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare, biological warfare and radiological warfare, which together make up CBRN, the military acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered "weapons of mass destruction" (WMDs), a term that ...By the end of World War II, Nazi Germany had produced some 12,000 tons of the deadly chemical compound, enough to kill millions of people. From early in the conflict, high-level military officers ...The Dugway sheep incident, also known as the Skull Valley sheep kill, was a March 1968 sheep kill that has been connected to United States Army chemical and biological warfare programs at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah. Six thousand sheep were killed on ranches near the base, and the popular explanation blamed Army testing of chemical weapons ...It has been alleged that the British used chemical weapons in Mesopotamia during the Iraqi revolt of 1920. Noam Chomsky claimed that Winston Churchill at the time was keen on chemical weapons, suggesting they be used "against recalcitrant Arabs as an experiment", and that he stated to be "strongly in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes".Patreon is empowering a new generation of creators. Support and engage with artists and creators as they live out their passions! The Russian Federation is known to possess or have possessed three types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and chemical weapons. It is one of the five nuclear-weapon states recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons . Russia possesses a total of 5,889 nuclear warheads as of 2023 ... The chemical weapons factories at Muthanna were systematically dismantled in the 1990s under U.N. supervision, and hundreds of tons of the weapons he helped make were destroyed in incinerators or ...CWAs have been used in at least 12 conflicts since, including the first Persian Gulf War (Iraq-Iran War). The Iraqi military also used chemical weapons against the Iraqi Kurds during the second Persian Gulf War. Civilians also have been exposed inadvertently to chemical weapons many years after weapon deployment during war.Tue 12 Apr 2022 10.29 EDT. Last modified on Wed 13 Apr 2022 00.12 EDT. Ukraine forces holed up in the besieged city of Mariupol announced late on Monday the Russians had used “a poisonous ...Comical-Weapon. 19 1.1K. 1. 2 3... 45 Next. DeviantArt - Homepage. DeviantArt Facebook DeviantArt Instagram DeviantArt Twitter. About Contact Core Membership ...Comical @Comical_Weapon. Patreon content: Elastigirl vs Giant Slime The hero we deserve. For weekly comics, polls and early access, ...
Phosgene is a planar molecule as predicted by VSEPR theory. The C=O distance is 1.18 Å, the C−Cl distance is 1.74 Å and the Cl−C−Cl angle is 111.8°. [9] Phosgene is a carbon oxohalide and it can be considered one of the simplest acyl chlorides, being formally derived from carbonic acid.. Where can i read omniscient readerpercent27s viewpoint
The latest tweets from @Comical_WeaponThe latest tweets from @Comical_WeaponThe United States chemical weapons program began in 1917 during World War I with the creation of the U.S. Army's Gas Service Section and ended 73 years later in 1990 with the country's practical adoption of the Chemical Weapons Convention (signed 1993; entered into force, 1997). Destruction of stockpiled chemical weapons began in 1986 and was ... Jan 2, 2023 · Upwards of 1,729 people were killed in the attack, leaving 3,600 individuals severely crippled with neurotoxic symptoms. Metal vial used to deliver ricin during the 2003 "Ricin Letter" attacks. 8. Ricin. Ricin is a highly potent chemical weapon derived from the seeds of castor bean plants. Oct 7, 2021 · Condemning the use of chemical and biological weapons as unacceptable under any context or circumstances, delegates urged all States to abide by critical existing international instruments for their regulation, as the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security) continued its general debate today. Mar 15, 2022 · The weapon of mass destruction most likely to be used is a chemical weapon. Russia once possessed the world’s largest stockpile of chemical weapons, ranging from nerve agents such as Sarin and ... Comical-Weapon. redandblacktac. as-warm-as-choco. Before the computing era, ILM was the master of oil matte painting, making audiences believe that some of the sets in the original Star Wars and Indiana Jones trilogy were real when they weren’t. They were the work of geniuses like Chris Evans, Michael Pangrazio, Frank Ordaz, Harrison ...Russia destroyed about 25,000 metric tons of chemical weapons, or 62 percent of its 40,000-ton stockpile as of April 29, 2012 – the deadline set by the Chemical Weapons Convention for complete arsenal destruction. Russia expected 2020 to be more realistic but according to Russia it achieved complete destruction on September 27, 2017. Comical-Weapon. 1 705. Sumo Princesses-Page 9. Comical-Weapon. 1 673. 1. 2 3 Next. DeviantArt - Homepage. DeviantArt Facebook DeviantArt Instagram DeviantArt Twitter.Novichok is a "binary" chemical weapon, meaning it uses two or more chemical precursors that are either nontoxic or less toxic and become active only when mixed. Though this makes Novichok safer ...Apr 29, 1997 · The OPCW. History was made on 29 April 1997 with the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)—the world’s first multilateral disarmament agreement to provide for the elimination of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction within a fixed time frame. The Chemical Weapons Convention entered into force on 29 April 1997. Dave Philipps reported from Pueblo, Colo., and John Ismay from Richmond, Ky. July 6, 2023. In a sealed room behind a gantlet of armed guards and three rows of high barbed wire at the Army’s ...Apr 30, 2019 · Ammonia is widely known as a cleaning agent, and is well known for its properties as a glass cleaner. Ammonia’s anti-microbial properties allow it to be useful as a disinfectant. It is also used in processes that involve fermentation. It can be used as a refrigerant, in which context it is known as R717. Jul 6, 2023 · Dave Philipps reported from Pueblo, Colo., and John Ismay from Richmond, Ky. July 6, 2023. In a sealed room behind a gantlet of armed guards and three rows of high barbed wire at the Army’s ... Nov 23, 2020 · Novichok is a "binary" chemical weapon, meaning it uses two or more chemical precursors that are either nontoxic or less toxic and become active only when mixed. Though this makes Novichok safer ... Investigations have found that both the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad and ISIL militants have used chemical weapons, with the majority of attacks being carried out by the Syrian government. In 2014, the OPCW Fact-Finding Mission in Syria concluded the use of chlorine was systematic and widespread. [6] .